Limitations

System performance is limited by various physical factors:

• Maximum Range — Loci devices (Access Points, Tags, AP Leads) must communicate with each other, which is constrained by the maximum range described below.
• Number of Access Points — The ability to localize depends on having enough representative and active Access Points.
• Localization Area Size — The localization area is limited by the range between Loci devices and the number of representative and active Access Points.
• Localization Latency — System latency is limited by the number of active Tags.
• Localization Performance — Overall performance depends on proper installation, the environment, and the number of Access Points and Tags.

Maximum Range

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The achievable range depends heavily on the environment.

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The higher the range, the less accurate and robust the performance.

• Depending on the environment, Loci devices can communicate up to 100m.
• The achievable range is highly dependent on the environment.
• The achievable range decreases significantly if the line of sight between Loci devices is blocked.
• A range of 100m can be reached in a tunnel-like environment with clear line of sight between Loci devices.
• Based on our experience, a practical maximum range of 20m to 50m is feasible depending on the environment.

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The range may be increased by UWB-Channel optimization: Contact Support

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Summary

Theoretical Maximum Range: Up to 100m Empirical Maximum Range: Up to 20m–50m (depending on the environment)

Number of Access Points

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The fewer Access Points in use, the lower the localization performance.

• At least 4 representative active Access Points are required for localization.
• Access Points are representative if:
  • The Access Points are placed according to Best Practices for Access Point Placement
  • The 3D model is scanned correctly according to Scan 3D Environment
  • The Access Points are placed correctly in the 3D model according to Place Access Points
• Access Points are inactive if:
  • Switched off
  • Out of range to Tag
  • Objects (walls, glass, human torso, etc.) between Access Point and Tag
  • Malfunction
• More than 4 Access Points can be used.
• The higher the number of active Access Points, the more robust and accurate the localization performance.

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Summary

At least 4 representative active Access Points are required. The more representative active Access Points, the better the localization performance.

Localization Area Size

• The localization area size is limited by:
  • The number of representative active Access Points, as described in Number of Access Points.
  • The range between the Tag and Access Point, as described in Maximum Range.
• We recommend at least 4 representative active Access Points for each point in the localization area.

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Summary

The localization area is limited by the maximum range and the number of representative active Access Points.

Localization Latency

• Latency is limited by:
  • The number of Tags in use
  • The connection of the Tag to the Access Points
• With a single Tag, a ranging latency in the millisecond range can be achieved.
• For each added Tag the ranging latency increases.
• If the Tag has no connection to the Access Point, no position update can be provided.
• If less than 4 representative and active Access Points are present, no position update can be provided.
• Since 4 representative Access Points are required for localization, adding another representative Access Point does not increase the latency.

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Summary

For 1 Tag, a ranging latency in the millisecond range is feasible. For each additional Tag, the ranging latency increases.

Localization Performance

• The accuracy and precision of localization depend on:
  • The installation of the system:
    • The scanned 3D model — Scan 3D Environment
    • The Access Point placement in the 3D model — Place Access Points
    • The Access Point Constellation — Best Practices for Access Point Placement
    • The number of Access Points used (the more, the better).
  • The environment:
    • Highly reflective surfaces (glass, metal, etc.) reduce performance.
    • Blocked line of sight (glass, metal, human torso, etc.) between Tag and Access Points reduces performance.
    • Large distances between Tag and Access Points reduce performance.
    • Connection loss between Tag and Access Points reduces performance.
  • Number of Tags:
    • The higher the number of Tags, the higher the latency and the lower the localization performance.
  • Number of Access Points:
    • The higher the number of representative active Access Points, the higher the localization performance.
  • Position in the localization area:
    • The closer to the center, the better the performance.
    • Bad performance may occur outside the localization area.
  • The UWB-Channel configuration (Contact Support).
  • The Localization Parameter configuration (Contact Support).
• With proper installation and acceptable conditions, centimeter-level accuracy and precision is feasible.
• With proper installation under harsh conditions, accuracy may degrade to the decimeter range.

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Summary

Localization performance is highly dependent on the installation. Centimeter-level accuracy and precision can be achieved.